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Research Studies is a compilation of published research articles funded by 大象APPor authored by 大象APPresearchers.

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1 to 25 of 236 Research Studies Displayed
Asher GN, Viswanathan M, Takyi A
Screening for syphilis infection during pregnancy: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The purpose of this evidence report was to conduct an update of the existing available evidence for the benefits and harms of screening and harms of treatment of syphilis during pregnancy. An analytic framework guided the update, and a literature was conducted between January 1, 2017 and July 25, 2023. Two researchers independently screened articles and abstracts and provided study quality ratings by applying predefined criteria. The researchers found no new studies addressing the effectiveness of screening to reduce congenital syphilis or other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Five new studies addressed the harms of screening, and 2 studies addressed the harms of treatment. Although screening and early treatment for syphilis in pregnancy decreases adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, optimal screening algorithms have not been identified.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00007.
Citation: Asher GN, Viswanathan M, Takyi A . Screening for syphilis infection during pregnancy: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2025 Jun 10; 333(22):2015-17. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.1179..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Maternal Health, Screening, Women, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines, Infectious Diseases
Potter AL, Kothagundla S, Haridas C
Preventive health care use among adults eligible for lung cancer screening in the US.
This research letter discusses lung cancer screening (LCS) rates among eligible adults in the US. The analysis used 2022 CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from participants aged 50 to 79 years. LCS-eligible participants were classified by whether they met the 1) 2016 USPSTF criteria for breast cancer screening (BCS) (LCS/BCS dual eligibility), or 2) 2021 USPSTF criteria for colorectal cancer screening (CCS) (LCS/CCS dual eligibility). The use of BCS and CCS were both lower among participants eligible for LCS than among those ineligible for LCS.
AHRQ-funded; HS029430.
Citation: Potter AL, Kothagundla S, Haridas C . Preventive health care use among adults eligible for lung cancer screening in the US. JAMA 2025 May 13; 333(18):1635-38. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.2157..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Prevention, Screening, Cancer: Lung Cancer, Cancer
Patnode CD, Senger CA, Coppola EL
Interventions to support breastfeeding: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The objective of this study was to review evidence on the benefits and harms of breastfeeding interventions in support of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force update to its 2016 recommendations. The updated evidence confirmed that breastfeeding support interventions can increase prevalence of breastfeeding up to 6 months.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00004.
Citation: Patnode CD, Senger CA, Coppola EL . Interventions to support breastfeeding: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2025 May 6; 333(17):1527-37. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.27267.
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Guidelines, Evidence-Based Practice, Breast Feeding
O'Connor EA, Webber EM, Martin AM
Preventive services for food insecurity: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
This systematic review examined the benefits and harms of screening and interventions for food insecurity in health care settings as part of a final recommendation of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. The results indicated that brief screening tools have sufficient sensitivity to identify people with food insecurity, but most studies of interventions had high risk of bias, limiting the ability to draw firm conclusions.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00004.
Citation: O'Connor EA, Webber EM, Martin AM . Preventive services for food insecurity: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2025 Apr 15; 333(15):1340-51. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.22805.
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Screening, Nutrition, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines, Primary Care
Kahwati LC, Kistler CE, Booth G
Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
This systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force updates the final recommendation for screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures. The reviewers found 3 RCTs and 3 systematic reviews that reported benefits of screening in older, higher-risk women. Two RCTs used 2-stage screening consisting of a Fracture Risk Assessment Tool estimate with bone mineral density (BMD) testing if the risk threshold was exceeded. One other RCT used BMD plus additional tests. Screening was associated with reduced hip and major osteoporotic fracture compared with usual care. Compared with placebo, bisphosphonates and denosumab from the largest RCT were associated with reduced hip fractures. No statistically significant associations were observed for adverse events compared with placebo.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00007; HS029590.
Citation: Kahwati LC, Kistler CE, Booth G . Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2025 Feb 11; 333(6):509-31. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.21653..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Osteoporosis, Screening, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines, Prevention, Injuries and Wounds
Mabry-Hernandez IR, Lees E
大象APPAuthor: Mabry-Hernandez IR
Screening for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
This AHRQ-authored case study includes questions and answers based on the final recommendations of the USPSTF on screening for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It presented an imaginary case study of a 25-year-old pregnant woman who presents for routine prenatal care at an estimated 20 weeks of gestation. She has no significant medical history and at her last appointment her blood pressure measurement was 118/58 mm Hg. Three questions and answers for clinicians about the final recommendations are presented along with several references.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Mabry-Hernandez IR, Lees E . Screening for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 2025 Jan; 111(1):81-82..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Blood Pressure, Screening, Women, Maternal Health, Prevention, Guidelines, Evidence-Based Practice
Peaker B, Slepski NE
大象APPAuthor: Peaker B
AHRQ-funded; HS000032.
This article presented a case study with questions using the final recommendation of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving a wellness visit for a new female patient who was overweight, a smoker, with a history of hypertension, but normal vital signs. Three questions and answers are presented.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Peaker B, Slepski NE . AHRQ-funded; HS000032. Am Fam Physician 2024 Nov; 110(5):527-28.
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Screening, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines, Respiratory Conditions, Lung Health and Disease
Cantor AG, Holmes R, Bougatsos C
Screening and supplementation for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
This evidence report and systematic review updates the 2015 USPSTF final recommendation on screening for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy. After conducting an extensive literature review 17 trials on maternal iron supplementation were included. Iron supplementation was associated with decreased risk of maternal iron deficiency anemia at term (4 trials, n鈥=鈥2230; 8.6% vs 19.8%) and maternal iron deficiency at term (6 trials, n鈥=鈥2361; 46% vs 70%) compared with placebo or no iron supplement. No statistically significant differences were found in maternal quality of life, rates of gestational diabetes, maternal hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, infant low birth weight, or infants small for gestational age for maternal iron supplementation compared with placebo or no supplementation. The main harms for iron supplementation were transient gastrointestinal adverse effects. No studies were found that evaluated the benefits or harms of screening for iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00006.
Citation: Cantor AG, Holmes R, Bougatsos C . Screening and supplementation for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2024 Sep 17; 332(11):914-28. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.13546..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice, Screening, Maternal Health, Women
Peaker B, Dideum P, Arkhipova-Jenkins I
大象APPAuthor: Peaker B
Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents.
This clinical practice guide discusses the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations regarding lipid disorder screening in pediatric populations. Using an 11-year-old male patient scenario, the article explores key screening decision factors in primary care settings. The discussion addresses two main pediatric lipid disorders: multifactorial dyslipidemia, which occurs in 7.1-9.4% of children and relates to environmental factors, and familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic disorder affecting 0.2-0.4% of children. The article examines screening considerations, risk assessment approaches, and treatment implications, noting that while statin therapy shows effectiveness in short-term cholesterol reduction for familial hypercholesterolemia cases, current evidence is insufficient to recommend universal pediatric lipid screening.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Peaker B, Dideum P, Arkhipova-Jenkins I . Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents. Am Fam Physician 2024 Sep; 110(3):295-96..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Children/Adolescents, Screening, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines
Rockwell MS, Funk AJ, Huffstetler AN
Screening for unhealthy alcohol use among patients with multiple chronic conditions in primary care.
This study investigated the impact of multiple chronic conditions on screening for unhealthy alcohol use in primary care. Analyzing electronic health records from 67 Virginia practices (2020-2023), the results showed that 58% of 11,789 patients had multiple chronic conditions. While 69% were screened for alcohol use, only 16% used a U.S. Preventive Services Task Force-recommended instrument. Patients with physical and mental health conditions were less likely to receive screening, despite being more likely to screen positive for unhealthy alcohol use. The findings highlight the need for improved alcohol-related preventive services in primary care, especially for patients with complex health issues.
AHRQ-funded; HS027077.
Citation: Rockwell MS, Funk AJ, Huffstetler AN . Screening for unhealthy alcohol use among patients with multiple chronic conditions in primary care. AJPM Focus 2024 Aug; 3(4):100233. doi: 10.1016/j.focus.2024.100233..
Keywords: Screening, Alcohol Use, Chronic Conditions, Primary Care, Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)
O'Connor EA, Evans CV, Henninger M
Interventions for weight management in children and adolescents: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
This evidence report reviews weight management interventions for children and adolescents with high BMI. Analyzing 58 randomized clinical trials involving over 10,000 participants, the study found that behavioral interventions led to modest BMI reductions, particularly with higher contact hours and physical activity. Semaglutide and phentermine/topiramate showed the largest effects on BMI. Common gastrointestinal side effects were noted, with limited evidence on long-term outcomes and effects after medication discontinuation.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00004.
Citation: O'Connor EA, Evans CV, Henninger M . Interventions for weight management in children and adolescents: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2024 Jul 16; 332(3):233-48. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.6739..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Children/Adolescents, Obesity, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines
Guirguis-Blake JM, Perdue LA, Coppola EL
Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The objective of this study was to review evidence on the effectiveness and harms of fall prevention interventions. A literature review gathered data from randomized clinical trials of interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults aged 65 or older. The results indicated that multifactorial and exercise interventions were associated with reduced falls in multiple good-quality trials. Exercise was established as the most consistent statistically significant benefit across multiple fall-related outcomes.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00004.
Citation: Guirguis-Blake JM, Perdue LA, Coppola EL . Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2024 Jul 2; 332(1):58-69. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.4166..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Elderly, Falls, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines
Hart LC, Viswanathan M, Nicholson WK
大象APPAuthor: Harris S
Evidence from the USPSTF and new approaches to evaluate interventions to prevent child maltreatment.
This paper discusses the July 2024 updated USPSTF recommendation to prevent child maltreatment and the current evidence. It describes the evidence review published in March 2024. In the review the USPSTF considered contextual questions on the evidence for bias in reporting and diagnosis of maltreatment in addition to key questions regarding effectiveness of interventions to prevent child maltreatment. A comprehensive literature review found evidence of inaccuracies in risk assessment and racial and ethnic bias in the reporting of child maltreatment. There were children inaccurately identified as being maltreated as well as maltreated children who were being missed in the evaluation. The interventions themselves may expose children to the risk of harm because of these inaccuracies and biases in reporting and evaluation. These inaccuracies and biases may also complicate assessment of the evidence for making clinical prevention guidelines.
AHRQ-authored; AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00006.
Citation: Hart LC, Viswanathan M, Nicholson WK . Evidence from the USPSTF and new approaches to evaluate interventions to prevent child maltreatment. JAMA Netw Open 2024 Jul; 7(7):e2420591. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20591..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Prevention, Children/Adolescents, Domestic Violence, Evidence-Based Practice
Henderson JT, Webber EM, Weyrich MS
Screening for breast cancer: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The purpose of this study was to review research on various breast cancer screening strategies for the US Preventive Services Task Force. The researchers analyzed randomized clinical trials and nonrandomized studies, focusing on different screening approaches and their associated outcomes. The review encompassed seven randomized clinical trials and 13 nonrandomized studies, with only two nonrandomized studies reporting mortality outcomes. A nonrandomized trial emulation study found no significant mortality difference for screening beyond age 74 years. Advanced cancer detection rates were similar for annual and biennial screening intervals in a nonrandomized study. Three trials comparing digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammography screening with digital mammography alone showed that DBT detected more invasive cancers at the first screening round, but there were no significant differences in interval cancers or risk of advanced cancer at subsequent screenings. Limited evidence suggested lower recall rates with DBT. For individuals with dense breasts, supplemental screening with magnetic resonance imaging reduced interval cancer risk but increased false-positive recalls and biopsies. Supplemental ultrasound screening showed no differences in interval cancers but increased false-positives.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00004.
Citation: Henderson JT, Webber EM, Weyrich MS . Screening for breast cancer: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2024 Jun 11; 331(22):1931-46. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.25844..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Cancer: Breast Cancer, Women, Screening, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines, Prevention, Cancer
Potter AL, Xu NN, Senthil P
Pack-year smoking history: an inadequate and biased measure to determine lung cancer screening eligibility.
This study examines the limitations of using pack-year smoking history as a criterion for lung cancer screening eligibility, as outlined in the current US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guideline. The research team investigated whether replacing the pack-year criterion with a smoking duration cutoff could improve the selection of high-risk individuals for screening, particularly among racial and ethnic minority groups. The investigation analyzed data from two large cohorts: 49,703 individuals with a smoking history from the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS) and 22,126 individuals from the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS). The researchers compared screening eligibility rates under the current USPSTF guideline, which uses a 20-pack-year smoking history cutoff, to a proposed guideline that instead uses a 20-year smoking duration criterion. In the SCCS cohort, the study found a significant disparity in screening eligibility between Black and White patients with lung cancer under the current USPSTF guideline. The proposed guideline, using the 20-year smoking duration cutoff, substantially increased the percentage of both Black and White patients who would qualify for screening, effectively eliminating the racial disparity in eligibility. Similarly, in the BWHS cohort, the proposed 20-year smoking duration criterion significantly increased the proportion of Black women with lung cancer who would qualify for screening compared to the current pack-year criterion.
AHRQ-funded; HS029430.
Citation: Potter AL, Xu NN, Senthil P . Pack-year smoking history: an inadequate and biased measure to determine lung cancer screening eligibility. J Clin Oncol 2024 Jun 10; 42(17):2026-37. doi: 10.1200/jco.23.01780.
Keywords: Tobacco Use, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Cancer: Lung Cancer, Screening, Guidelines, Evidence-Based Practice
Mabry-Hernandez I, Ching SJ
大象APPAuthor: Mabry-Hernandez I
Screening for anxiety disorders in adults.
This U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 鈥淧utting Prevention Into Practice: An Evidence-Based Approach鈥 teaching case study focuses on anxiety disorder screening and diagnosis in primary care settings. The case presents a 34-year-old female patient attending a well-woman examination, experiencing stress and sleep difficulties. The case study, questions and answers educate readers about current guidelines for anxiety disorder screening, diagnostic criteria, and appropriate patient populations for screening. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing anxiety disorders in primary care settings and implementing evidence-based screening practices.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Mabry-Hernandez I, Ching SJ . Screening for anxiety disorders in adults. Am Fam Physician 2024 May; 109(5):457-58..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Anxiety, Behavioral Health, Screening, Prevention, Guidelines, Evidence-Based Practice
Viswanathan M, Rains C, Viswanathan M
Primary care interventions to prevent child maltreatment: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The purpose of this study was to examine the evidence on primary care-feasible or referable interventions to prevent child maltreatment to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. The researchers reviewed PubMed, Cochrane Library, and trial registries through February 2, 2023; and references, experts, and surveillance through December 6, 2023. Twenty-five trials with a total of 14,355 participants were included. The study found that evidence from 11 studies representing 5,311 participants showed no differences in likelihood of reports to Child Protective Services within 1 year of intervention completion. Five studies representing 3,336 participants showed no differences in removal of the child from the home within 1 to 3 years of follow-up. The evidence reflected no benefit for emergency department visits in the short term and hospitalizations. Additional contextual evidence showed 1) a wide range of practices when screening, identifying, and reporting child maltreatment to Child Protective Services, 2) a wide range of accuracy of screening instruments; and 3) evidence that child maltreatment programs may be related with improvements in some social determinants of health.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00006.
Citation: Viswanathan M, Rains C, Viswanathan M . Primary care interventions to prevent child maltreatment: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2024 Mar 19; 331(11):959-71. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.0276..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Children/Adolescents, Primary Care, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines, Domestic Violence
Lin JS, Webber EM, Bean SI
Development of a health equity framework for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The objective of this study was to develop a framework to allow the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) to incorporate a health equity lens spanning the entirety of its recommendation-making process. Key guidance, policy, and explanatory frameworks related to health equity were identified, and their recommendations and findings mapped to current USPSTF methods. An equity framework was developed that could be applied to all phases of the recommendation process. The authors concluded that executing this framework will be challenging and take additional time and resources, but it will offer guidance to the USPSTF and other evidence-based guideline entities in developing a more transparent, consistent, and intentional approach to addressing health equity in their recommendations.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80121C00001.
Citation: Lin JS, Webber EM, Bean SI . Development of a health equity framework for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA Netw Open 2024 Mar 4; 7(3):e241875. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.1875..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Disparities, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines
Harris S, Ching SJ, Agarwal R
大象APPAuthor: Harris S
Screening and preventive interventions for oral health in children, adolescents, and adults.
This case study and quiz explores the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations for oral health screenings in primary care settings. The case presents a scenario of a father and child who have lost dental insurance and experienced dietary changes, prompting the question of whether the primary care physician should screen them for oral health conditions. The USPSTF concludes there is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against oral health screening in asymptomatic adults and children over five in primary care, emphasizing the need for clinical judgment in such cases. The quiz further highlights that the USPSTF recommendations cover dental caries in children and adolescents (5-17 years old) and both dental caries and periodontal disease in adults (18+ years old). Additionally, tobacco use is identified as a risk factor for oral health conditions in adults.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Harris S, Ching SJ, Agarwal R . Screening and preventive interventions for oral health in children, adolescents, and adults. Am Fam Physician 2024 Mar; 109(3):261-62..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Children/Adolescents, Screening, Dental and Oral Health, Guidelines, Evidence-Based Practice
Feltner C, Wallace IF, Nowell SW
Screening for speech and language delay and disorders in children 5 years or younger: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
This evidence report and systematic review reviewed the evidence on screening for speech and language delay or disorders in children 5 years or younger to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. This literature review looked at English-language studies of screening test accuracy, trials or cohort studies comparing screening vs no screening; randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of interventions. Main outcomes and measures were screening test accuracy, speech and language outcomes, school performance, function, quality of life, and harms. A total of 38 studies in 41 articles were included (N鈥=鈥9006). There were 21 studies (n鈥=鈥7489) that assessed the accuracy of 23 different screening tools that varied with regard to whether they were designed to be completed by parents vs trained examiners, and to screen for global (any) language problems vs specific skills (e.g., expressive language). Three studies assessing parent-reported tools for expressive language skills had consistently high sensitivity (range, 88%-93%) and specificity (range, 88%-85%). Other screening tools had widely varying accuracy. Seventeen RCTs (n鈥=鈥1517) evaluated interventions for speech and language delay or disorders. There were no RCTs included on the harms of interventions.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00006.
Citation: Feltner C, Wallace IF, Nowell SW . Screening for speech and language delay and disorders in children 5 years or younger: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2024 Jan 23; 331(4):335-51. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.24647..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Children/Adolescents, Screening, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice
Peaker B, Dooley C B, Peaker B, Dooley C C
大象APPAuthor: Peaker B
Screening for syphilis in nonpregnant adolescents and adults.
This case study described a 42-year-old male presenting at the clinic with low back pain that had been radiating down his right leg for one week. Case study questions related to the USPSTF recommendation on Screening for Syphilis in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults addressed why this patient was at increased risk, whether screening should take place, and why the USPSTF does not recommend screening for all people.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Peaker B, Dooley C B, Peaker B, Dooley C C . Screening for syphilis in nonpregnant adolescents and adults. Am Fam Physician 2024 Jan; 109(1):79-80..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Screening, Evidence-Based Practice, Sexual Health, Children/Adolescents
Tracer H, Lorei NC
大象APPAuthor: Tracer H
Preexposure prophylaxis to prevent acquisition of HIV.
This case study described a 28-year-old woman presented to a community health clinic for sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. Case study questions related to the USPSTF recommendation on Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent acquisition of HIV, guidelines for candidacy for PrEP, guidelines for the use of PrEP for the primary prevention of HIV in adults.
AHRQ-authored.
Citation: Tracer H, Lorei NC . Preexposure prophylaxis to prevent acquisition of HIV. Am Fam Physician 2023 Dec; 108(6):617-18..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice
Chou R, Selph SS, Bougatsos C
Screening, referral, behavioral counseling, and preventive interventions for oral health in adults: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic evidence review on the effectiveness of primary care screening and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease in adults to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. The main outcomes were dental caries, periodontal disease, morbidity, quality of life, harms; and diagnostic test accuracy. Five randomized clinical trials, 5 nonrandomized trials, and 6 observational studies with a total 3,300 participants were included. There were no trials that evaluated primary care counseling or dental referral. There was very limited evidence on screening accuracy, silver diamine fluoride, xylitol; and harms were very limited, although serious harms were not reported. One small study (n鈥=鈥86) found oral health examination by 2 primary care clinicians associated with low sensitivity and high specificity for periodontal disease and with variable sensitivity and high specificity for dental caries. Four studies (n鈥=鈥965) found screening questionnaires associated with a pooled sensitivity of 0.72 and specificity of 0.74 for periodontal disease. For preventive interventions there were no studies that evaluated primary care counseling or dental referral, and evidence from 2 poor-quality trials (n鈥=鈥178) of sealants, and 1 fair-quality and 4 poor-quality trials (n鈥=鈥971) of topical fluorides, was found to be insufficient. Three fair-quality trials (n鈥=鈥590) of persons with mean age 72 to 80 years found silver diamine fluoride solution associated with fewer new root caries lesions or fillings vs placebo (mean reduction, -0.33 to -1.3) and decreased likelihood of new root caries lesion (2 trials). There were no trials that evaluated primary care-administered preventive interventions.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00006.
Citation: Chou R, Selph SS, Bougatsos C . Screening, referral, behavioral counseling, and preventive interventions for oral health in adults: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2023 Nov 14; 330(18):1780-90. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.20685..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Screening, Dental and Oral Health, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice, Guidelines
Chou R, Bougatsos C, Griffin J
Screening, referral, behavioral counseling, and preventive interventions for oral health in children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic evidence review on the effectiveness of primary care screening and prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. The main outcomes were dental caries, morbidity, functional status, quality of life, harms; and diagnostic test accuracy. Three systematic reviews with a total of 20,684 participants were included along with 19 randomized clinical trials, 3 nonrandomized trials, and 1 observational study with a total of 15,026 participants. When administered by dental professionals or in school settings, fluoride supplements compared with placebo or no intervention were associated with decreased change from baseline in the number of decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth (DMFT index) or decayed or filled permanent teeth (DFT index) at 1.5 to 3 years (6 trials; n鈥=鈥1395). Fluoride gels were associated with a DMFT- or DFT-prevented fraction of 0.18 at outcomes closest to 3 years (4 trials; n鈥=鈥1525); fluoride varnish was associated with a DMFT- or DFT-prevented fraction of 0.44 at 1 to 4.5 years (5 trials; n鈥=鈥3902); and resin-based sealants were associated with decreased risk of carious first molars at 48 to 54 months (4 trials; n鈥=鈥440). There were no trials that evaluated primary care counseling or dental referral. There was very limited evidence on screening accuracy, silver diamine fluoride, xylitol; and harms were very limited, although serious harms were not reported.
AHRQ-funded; 75Q80120D00006.
Citation: Chou R, Bougatsos C, Griffin J . Screening, referral, behavioral counseling, and preventive interventions for oral health in children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2023 Nov 7; 330(17):1674-86. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.20435..
Keywords: Children/Adolescents, Dental and Oral Health, Screening, Prevention, Evidence-Based Practice, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Guidelines
Huffstetler AN, Villalobos G, Brooks EM
The current state of alcohol screening and management in Virginia primary care practices: an evaluation of preventive service use.
This study used the recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force on screening and behavioral counseling for adults over 18 years for unhealthy alcohol use to examine the current state of alcohol screening and management in Virginia primary care practices. Clinicians were advised to use the following recommended screening instruments: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise and or Single Alcohol Screening Question. Baseline data showed that clinicians appropriately screened only 10.8% of patients and only identified 9.6% as having risky drinking. However, 24% of patients reported risky drinking on a survey, demonstrating the implementation gap of the USPSTF recommendation and opportunity to improve health.
AHRQ-funded; HS027077.
Citation: Huffstetler AN, Villalobos G, Brooks EM . The current state of alcohol screening and management in Virginia primary care practices: an evaluation of preventive service use. Med Clin North Am 2023 Nov; 107(6s):e1-e17. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.07.001..
Keywords: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Alcohol Use, Screening, Substance Abuse, Behavioral Health, Primary Care, Evidence-Based Practice

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